The truth is important to History as it ensures its integrity remains intact and can be passed along for generations who come after, for them too to know, exactly who they have descended from. I would remind you though, that my study here is not as complete as if I was writing once more on my continued study of The Holocaust. Therefore, while this effort has been nothing but the truthful evaluation of all that truly matters in bringing the tragic and ugly truth of the hatred that developed over eons, and culminates in the decimation of over 6,000,000 lives, simply because they were Jewish Lives, I rest not upon what I aim to recall. Deeply embedded in that realisation must be the fact that adorns the very brutal nature of such an atrocity, which was not apprehended by a World set on abandoning the Jewish People to Hitler’s unsolicited hatred for them. Perhaps in my assessment regarding the unique and unprecedented nature of this brutal atrocity, I have rather over-looked the many parallel’s which approach the very same hatred’s that have been inflicted upon the Jewish People, so I explore them here to add deeper to the relevance that is The Holocaust itself. Throughout History, and when governments fail, and Churches seek to distract their congregations from what ails them, Victims are sought. In this, the Jewish People have been the greater source and direction of Pogroms, purges and the full gamut of religious intolerances and governmental repressions raged against any People, but consistently the Jewish People. So from the Lands of Israel through the brutality of The Holocaust, and back into the Israel of today, we recognise the presence of the Jewish People, and they present an image that will not be altered by the want to change the truth of History. Jews were not just immigrants on their own lands. It is not my intention to deliver an exact resolve of the hatred, in killing the Jews throughout History, merely to point to those dates which should be explored ever deeper to share with the World what is a seeming progression of anti-Jewish assaults, attacks, and Killings registered against a Jewish People that will escalate toward the most heinous crime ever perpetrated against any People, for who they are, The Jews! In Jerusalem, they have remained, in this Capital of Israel since it was created some 3,000 years ago by King David. The early Israelites, more commonly referred to as Hebrews in ancient texts, emerged historically, and in these their lands over 5,000 years ago. These Jews established what is now recognized as modern Israel from what both Canaan and Judah formed as the regions of early Israel with King David establishing Jerusalem as his Capitol. This is around 1,000 years before Christianity emerged amongst the Jewish People. King Solomon then built the First Temple of the Jews there; it stood for over 500 years. All throughout time the Jews were either expelled or enslaved, and though Jews still managed to hold onto the land, they remain resident throughout their lands in Ashdod, Hebron, Jaffeh, Jericho, Jerusalem, Megido, Nineveh, Safed, Samaria, Tiberias, Tire, and Ur. There are many more Jewish Villages and Jewish Towns which could and should be listed.

But this is by no means a fully formed search through cultures seeking to destroy the Jews, nor does it fully resort to find out why antisemitism has tarnished the bedrock of civilised society. Whatever the prospective effort of civilisation suggests, we have mounted a challenge to emerge from the darkest of ages. For the Jewish People, they are an Historical fact, and based upon the tenets of Christian Bible too, it is with an acceptance of their covenant with the God  of Abraham which we adapted as a Christian god. With all of this, there is an archaeological treasure trove of Jewish existence that is preserved for all time and recognises the Jewish presence in places within their Homeland for more than 5,000 years. The faith of the Jews is well documented, also with the arrival of Abraham into his contractual deeds with the Kings of Babylon, some 2,000 years before Christ. Before we even begin setting aside such truths as merely Biblical interpretation, it is a fact that Abraham is clearly referenced in many aspects of the History of the era of the area. When Joseph, Abraham’s Great Grandson led the Jews toward Egypt, they were not to know they were then to be enslaved. For Moses, his route back to the promised land of his People, both chosen and historical, ensured the Israelites were amongst themselves, a union of People. The Exodus was in Biblical terms was enforced by a series of plagues upon Egypt, so as to force the Pharoah’s hand and release ‘His People’ from bondage. The Torah delivers for the Jewish People all that Moses learned of god and the Jewish Faith, and Judaism, has adhered to these Laws ever since. Bound by a faith in monotheist god, and a belief system that has sustained them for these 5,000 years, Jews have been both rewarded and convicted by their faith. From the days of Moses to the time of King David, the Israelites have lived in the land of Israel, but without Jerusalem and for so often, without a King. This changed with King David.

Under the rule of the Romans and throughout the Byzantine period, the fluctuation amongst the local population saw the eventual emergence of the Christians amongst the Greeks, Israelites, the Samaritans, and Syrians but this lasted for over 900 years without such a Christian presence, as the Israelites lived on their land. The Genesis of Noah’s Flood is suggested about 2,348 before the age of Christ. The Jews did not have a King, nor did they have the capital city of Jerusalem. Historically, the Jews were in exile within Egypt for as many as 500 years as the Historical relevance to come out of the Book of Kings then suggests, the Exodus from Egypt is around 1,440 before the age of Christ. This is where Moses too delivers for Christianity, the moral efficacy coded within 10 Commandments people are meant to adhere to. However, the National Jewish identity centred upon Jerusalem, and ensured when Israel became a recognised State in 1,312 before the age of Christ, and this is still 1,300 years before Christianity, and fully 2,000 years before the rise of Islam, Israel continued to persist. After the conquest of the land in 1,272 before the age of Christ, the Jews now ruled over their own lands, and for a thousand years, they held onto a constituted presence that had been continuous there for 3,300 years. Jerusalem was the Jewish capitol, and it is pertinent to remind all of History, Jerusalem has never been the capital of an Arab or Muslim entity. Even the Jordanians, when they conquered Jerusalem, did not make it their capital, and Arab leaders did not visit it. Jerusalem belonged to an assortment of other people in all this time. However, with King David emerging around 1,000 before the age of Christ, all of this changed. King David founded the Jewish City of Jerusalem and is mentioned more than 700 times in the Bible and not once in the Quran. Mohammad never set foot in Jerusalem.

David finally conquered Jerusalem and made it his Capital and then received the promise of a coming Messiah, and from such time the Jewish People have persisted holding to the word of god. When Solomon succeeded David, he built the First Jewish Temple in Jerusalem to honour his Father’s pledge to the Lord they awaited. The only Arab rule after the conquest in 635 before the age of Christ lasted only 22 years. However, ruin was at hand as the Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar, invaded their now split lands, Canaan and Samaria, conquered Jerusalem, and destroyed The First Jewish Temple. The descendants of King David continued to rule over the lands for over 400 years and up until 600 before the age of Christ, the Israelite Nation prospered, a nation of civil society, and a cultural belt holding the Land to the People. The Israelites were approached with their first exodus and roamed the lands surrounding their promised lands up until around 530 before the age of Christ. When the Persian Emperor Cyrus conquered Babylon he allowed the Jewish People to return to their lands. However, the Jews were no longer an independent country, but merely a province of the Persian Empire. While this continued for about 200 years and during this time, we recognise the 2^nd Jewish Temple within Jerusalem are rebuilt. Esther, Ezra & Nehemiah lived in this time period. When Alexander the Great then conquered the Persian Empire, the Jewish People now were resident in a Greek province of Alexander’s Empire, and this continued another 200 years. This then led to the rule of the Roman Empire and yet again, Israel became a satellite state of another empire. As we approach the next era of transferral, Christianity will be formed, and the greatest struggle against Jewish survival will once more commence. From the time of the Babylonians, 600 years previously, the Israelites had not been able to retain their independent status as had been recognised under King David. The Israelites did revolt, and when the Romans came to crush the insurrection in the year 70 they destroyed Jerusalem, and burned down the 2^nd Temple. The Israelites themselves were shipped out to far off lands, and their 2^nd Diaspora as slaves was ruled over by yet another Empire, and in a multitude of lands. In the year 135, Simon bar Kokhba led a revolt, which was roundly beaten, and Judea was renamed Syria Palaestina, with Jerusalem being referred to as Aelia Capitolina. If History seeks to recognise the font of antisemitism emerged with the likes of Hitler, they need to approach the age of Romans who sought to crush any Israelite identity, within the lands of Judea and Samaria, or Syria Palestina as its newer identity. The effort to crush the Israelite revolt which is defeated by the Romans. The Cassius Dio the Roman historian records that the Slaughter amounted to the deaths in battle of some 580,000 Jewish Soldiers, and with destruction of some 50 fortified Israelite Fortifications are razed, and 985 Israelite Villages are also destroyed, including countless Jews of those Villages. The Israelite combatants though made the Romans pay a heavy price, destroying an entire Roman Legion, the XXII Deiotariana. The land of Judea and Samaria had been laid to waste, as Hadrian rode rough shod over the Israelite presence, without fully destroying what remained of the Jews. The Israelites were now centred around Galilee, the Jordan Valley, along the Negev, and within some 43 other Coastal and rural Towns and Villages. These new Jewish Communities became even more productive, and irrigation and its propagation of the land was resumed. The Jews made an alliance with the Persian Empire, who invaded the Judea, and Samaria Region in 614, and sought to overthrow the Byzantine Garrison still hold on to Jerusalem. This collaboration lasted until 617 when the Jews were left to govern over the City. But the Persian Empire struck a peace deal with the Emperor Heraclius, who returned Christian rule to the Region. For the Jews, who suffered the consequences, they were either banished or Slaughtered where they stood. Between 622 and 627 the of both Jews of Mecca and Medina were removed from these areas, and pubescent Jewish Boys were inspected for to then be Murdered. In 624: after the victory of Badr, the elimination of the Jews here had commenced and in 625 the Jews of Al Nadir faced expulsion while in 626 there was the massacre of the Jews at  Beni Khazradj and all they owned was confiscated as the massacre of 700 of Beni Qoraizha’s is continued.

The Jewish satirist poet, Kab and his Wife are Murdered for supposedly making fun of the prophet Mohammed. There is also an attack upon the Jews of Kaihbar and the murder of the Jew, Sallam abu Rafi, on Mohammed’s orders. In 627 the Jewish Qurayza in Medina are Massacred as the spoils of the Slaughtered Jews in Median are stolen and shared amongst the Muslim community. In 628 there is an attack upon the Jews of Khaibar, and the confiscation of Jewish oasis of Fadak as Mohammed’s personal property, as the Jews of Wadil Qora are forced to submit or are expelled. In 629 in Egypt there was the 1^st massacre of the Jews Alexandria. In 630 both the Jews and Christians of Eilat, Jerba, and Makna, face submission or elimination. In 632, the Muslim Arab invaders conquered the Region and forced the Byzantine regime into submission. 638 came and with it the expulsion of the Jews from Jerusalem and by 640, Judea and Samaria and from Hedjez had once again become subjugated, this time by the burgeoning Muslim Colonisation and Conversion approach. And so began this first 450 year Muslim rule in the Region, as both Judea, and Samaria were cast as subjects to the Omayyad Damascus Arabs and then the Abbasid Turkish following. This emerging failure at order was further disputed by Baghdad and the Cairo Fatimids. The Jews were caught within the cross hairs of these internecine disputes, Arabs over every branch of Islam present within the Region.  Such was the turmoil, Islamist colonisation turned over 2,000 years of Jewish Scholarship, Religious congruence, and Community into a blighted landscape.  The demands of Christianity sought to impose a Roman rule once more, and the Crusaders took control of the Region of Judea and Samaria for the coming 200 years. The Jewish presence persisted and fought vigorously against the Crusaders who had decided they too would convert or Slaughter, in line with Islamic practices. In 822 within the reach of Islam Jews were forced to wear a ‘Yellow Star’ by edict of law. In 940 David ben Zakkai, the Jewish Leader, the Exilarch of Babylon, a Descendent of King David, was beheaded for a supposed slur on Mohammed. In 945 many of the followers of the beheaded Exilarch were Murdered in Baghdad.

In 1004 both Jews and Christians are compelled to wear a black turban, and a sash in Egypt and in 1009 both Jews and Christians must wear a cross, or bells in the public baths in Egypt as the destruction of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem is completed by the Fatimids. In 1010 the Fatimid caliph Al Hakim Between persecutes Christians, Jews, and Sunnis Muslims and in the coming 3 years 100’s of Jews around Cordoba, Spain are massacred. In 1016 the Jews of Kairouan are persecuted and driven out and in 1033, there was the 1^st Fez, Morocco Massacre, and in 1040 there is the beheading of the Jewish theologian, Gaon Chizkiya, who was the head of a Talmudic school. Meanwhile, there is no letting up on the attacks upon the Jewish People, for Faith, Education, and administering to their Community’s. In 1066 the Jews of Granada were Massacred by the Muslim Moor presence within Spain. In 1073 the Turks in Jerusalem start of start a series of persecution against Jews and Christians and in 1099 the Jews alone defended the City of Haifa from the advance again of the Crusaders and this was the tyranny of the Crusades, to spread a rather un-Christian religion so as to oust Judaism, and of course Islam from belief. With the setting alight of the Jewish Synagogues, with the Jews settled within them, set a precedent by which much of Christendom will come to recognise in the periods leading up to The Holocaust. What could not be crushed was the will of the Jewish People to remain within their own lands and that persistence saw the Jewish People erect more than 50 settlements, which had thrived for over 1,000 years, are present in places such as Ashkelon, Caesarea, Gaza, Jerusalem, Ramleh, Tiberias, and Tire. What will now be presented is a catalogue of Jewish Expulsions, Threats and Murders to range throughout Arab and Muslim lands. In 1106 Ali Ibn Yousef Ibn Tashifin of Marrakesh issued a decree which served the death penalty to all local Jews, his Jewish Physician, and even a Jewish General. In 1127 Morocco, there are Jewish persecutions and enforced conversions after the crushing of the Moshe Dhery Jewish movement. In 1142, with the start of the Jewish persecution by the Almohads; there is a massacre of Jews in Bougie, Oran, Tlemcen. In 1145 the Jews of Tunis are forced to choose between conversion and exile and in 1146, with the capture of Meknes by the Almohads; there is a strong persecution directed against the Jew. In 1147 the capture of Tlemcen by the Almohads; continues the persecution of the Jews as the Almohad invasion of Spain continues the expulsion of Jews or forced conversions and the Almohads capture of Marrakech also engages the persecution of the Jews as across all of North Africa the Almohad the persecutions of the Jews continue.

In 1148 the Almohadin threaten the Jews of Morrocco with conversion or expulsion, as the exodus of Maimonides continues exiting from the brutality exerted by the Almohadin. In 1152 Christians and Jews are given the choice between conversion or death in the period of Abd el Moumin, Morocco. In 1160 and with the capture of Ifriqiya by the Moroccans of Abd el Moumen; both Jews and Christians are threatened with Death if they don’t convert. In 1165, the Chief Rabbi of the sub-Saharan Maghreb was publicly burnt alive as the Rambam, Maimonides, Moses ben Maimon, was forced to flee Spain to Egypt. Then, and between 1165 and 1178 laws were enacted for those Jews who had lived in Yemen for Centuries, who were given no choice but Conversion to the Islamist way or face Death. In Egypt 1171 the death penalty is decree for all Infidels, Christians and Jews who do not convert. In 1184 the Almohads ensure recognisable signs are worn by Christians and Jews in Spain and in 1198 the Jews of Aden are forced to convert. In 1220, 10’s of 1,000’s of Jewish People were massacred by Muslims in Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey, blamed for the Mongol invasion which had swept across Central Asia and into Bukhara, Herat, Iran, Neyshabur, and Samarkand. In 1232 there is a: massacre of Marrakech’s and in 1266, the tomb of the Hebron Patriarchs is turned into a mosque and both Jews and Christians are denied access. The expulsion will last 500 years. In 1267, Moses ben Nachman reestablished the Jewish Community in the Old City of Jerusalem, and this Jewish Community prospered right up until the establishment of the Jewish State in 1948. In 1270, Sultan Baibars of Egypt, had ditches dug for the purpose resolved of burning alive all the Jews within the community. However, upon reflection, the Sultan sought to exact a profit from his leniency, and many of these Jews did actually die, while the remainder of the Jews were extorted to pay a heavy tribute to his coffers. Also, there is period of Jewish segregation that spreads throughout Andalusia. In 1276, there was the 2^nd Fez Massacre of the Moroccan Jewish People and in 1284 the Jewish Doctor, Ibn Kammuna died confined in a trunk after he supposedly defamed the name of Mohammed. In 1291 Sad al Dawla, a Jewish grand vizier, Argun Khan in Iran dies. His position contorted the view of the Muslim Court, as the forced conversion of the Jews of Tabriz, Persia continues. On April 20^th 1298, the Slaughter of the Jews, in the desecration of the communion host libel, in the German Town of Rottingen, and this assault and mutilation, and killing of the Jewish People continued into Austria, throughout Bavaria, Franconia, and even Nuremberg. With the City of Nuremberg, a Walled Fortress, there was an effort to resist the assault, and Christians stood alongside their Jewish Cousins in this failed attempt. Upon entry into the City, the Jewish People were segregated out, separated, and were killed all of which was the constituted effort to cleanse nations of Judaism, and from within the ‘holy’ Roman Empire. All told, there were some 20,000 to over 100,000 Jews who were killed, largely taken from a host of some 146 diverse and unconnected communities, other than by their Jewish status, ultimately targeted for that Jewish antecedence. In 1301 there is a persecution of the Jews in Egypt and in 1318 there is the beheading of Rashid-aldin-Tabid a Jewish Persian historian and a Minister. There is also the enforced conversion of the Jews of Tabriz, Persia and in 1333 there is a bout of enforced conversion of the Jews in Baghdad. Also, Ibn Battuta complains that Djenkchi Khan djagataï allows Jews and Christians to repair their Synagogues and Churches. There is a further enforced conversion of the Jews of Baghdad in both 1334 and also in 1344. In 1351 the Cairo trial of Jews accused of desecration, offers them a conversion or death deal. In 1385, there is the Khorasan Massacres against the Jews within Iran. In 1390 there is the establishment of the first Jewish Ghetto in Fez, these ‘mellahs’ and the following year, in 1391 there is the persecution of those Jews expelled from Spain to Morocco. In 1438 there is the 1^st Massacres against Jews in Morocco, in Mellah and there is a widespread creation of the Ghettos, or ‘mellahs’ across Morocco, and in all major Cities. In 1448 Jewish and Christian infidels, under penalty of death are ordered to submit to Islamic law, throughout Egypt. In 1450 the Jews of Fustat are tried for entering the name of Mohammed onto the Synagogue wall and are forced to convert.

On May 14^th 1465, there is the 3^rd Fez Massacre against these Moroccan Jews. Estimates establish that barely 11 Jews are left alive with 6,000 Jews likely to have perished. In 1492 the Jews are expelled from Spain and the Jewish community of Touat, Morocco are massacred and their Synagogues destroyed. In 1516 the official status of ‘dhimmi’, or lesser beings, is delivered to all of Algerian Jewry under Ottoman rule. They are not allowed to wear certain colours, red and green are forbidden to them, and they are not allowed to ride horses or carry weapons. Also, they must pay the discriminatory jizya tax; and their representative is ritually slapped during the delivery of tribute to the authorities. In 1517 there are these Muslim Massacres, 1^st Judea Massacre in Safed, along with the 1^st Hebron Massacre, and at the Libyan Massacre of its Jews at Marsa ibn Ghazi. In 1521 there is the expulsion of Jews from Belgrade, Romania, followed in 1524 by the expulsion of the Jews from Buda, Hungary by the Ottomans. In 1535 the assault upon the Jews of Tunisia, and the expulsion of those who survived. In 1554 there is widespread looting and persecution of the Jewish People in Marrakech, by the Turks, and in 1574 there are 3 rival camps in Morocco who start a Civil War which sees the Jews fall between all competing agents. In 1577 the Passover Massacre is initiated throughout the Ottoman Empire and between 1588 – 1629 we recognise the Mahalay murders of the Jews in Iran. In 1604, at the start of a period of famine, the attacks upon the Jews of Fez is brutally conducted amidst the enforced conversion of 2,000 Jews over a period of 2 years. In 1608 the Berbers persecute the Jews of Taroudat over the coming two years. In 1613 the Jews of Thessalonika had the largest Jewish percentage population in all of Europe. In 1622 there was an enforced conversion of the Jews of Persia and between the years 1630 and 1700, Yemenite Jews were considered ‘impure’ and 2^nd class citizens, and subjugated, under strict Shi’ite ‘dhimmi’ rules, forbidden to touch a Muslim or a Muslim’s food, had to humble themselves before a Muslim, walk on the left side of a Street, and greet the Muslim first. The Jews could not build houses taller than those of a Muslim, or ride a camel or horse, and when riding a mule or donkey, they had to sit on the side. When entering the Muslim quarter, a Jew had to take off his shoes and walk barefoot. If attacked with stones or fists by Muslim youths, a Jew was not allowed to defend himself. In 1650 the Jews of Tunisia are deported to special neighbourhoods called ‘hara’ and the enforced conversion of the Jews of Persia, under Shah Abbas II continues. In 1656 the Jews of Isfahan, Iran are and in 1660: 2^nd Judean attack on the Jews in Safed Israel, also in Tiberius, the areas of Judea, and Samaria. The expulsion of Mawza Jews in Yemen continues in 1670 and in 1676 the expulsion of the Jews from Sanaa, Yemen is in progress and in 1678 the Jews in Yemen face an enforced conversion. The continued massacres of the Jews in Sanaa, Yemen between 1679 and 1680 continues and into 1700. And in 1747 the massacres continue of the Jews of Mashhad, Iran. In 1758 there is the executions of a Jew, and an Armenian in Constantinople, for the violation of the clothing of infidel’s legislation. In 1770 there is an expulsion of the Jews from Jeddah, Arabia and 1785 Libyan Jews are murdered in Tripoli, Libya. In 1790 the destruction of most of the Jewish communities in Morocco is underway and between 1790 and 1792 in Tetuan, Morocco the Jews are stripped naked, and lined up for Muslim perverts. In 1800 a decree passed in Yemen, criminalizing Jews from wearing clothing that is either new or looks good, and they are barred from riding mules or donkeys. Jews were also rounded up for long marches naked through the Roob al Khali dessert. 1805 1^st Algiers Massacre of Jews, amongst them the leader of the Jewish Nation of Algiers, Naphthalie Busnach, with 200 of the Jews saved by the French consul, Dubois-Thainville, who sheltered them in his consulate, as other Jews are exiled to Tunis and Livorno. In 1806 a fatwah against the Jews of Sali, Morocco is issued banning them wearing Western Clothing, and for their expulsion as rioters loot the Jewish sectors. In 1807 the Jews from Tetouan are expelled and in 1808 2^nd Ghetto Massacres in Mellah, Morocco. In 1815, there is the 2^nd Algiers massacres of Jews, and the Chief Rabbi of Algiers, Isaac Aboulker, is beheaded during the attacks. In 1816 Algeria, Jews and Christians are banned from carrying weapons. In 1820 at Sahalu Lobiant, Syria, its Jews are Massacred. In 1828 the massacre of Iraqi Jews is conducted in Baghdad. In 1830 there is the 3^rd massacre of the Jews in Algiers, Algeria, and the Jews in Tabriz, Iran are being destroyed, and expelled as the commencement of the Jewish persecution in Persia, as a consequence of the Russian advance into the Caucasus area, advances. In 1834 there is the 2^nd massacre of the Jews in Hebron, and Safed Jews in Samaria and Judea and in 1838 the Druze are also attacked in Safed. In 1839 there is the massacre of the Mashadi Jews in Iran and the enforced conversion of its surviving Jews and in 1840 in Damascus, Syria, the Jews are accused of many blood libels against its Jews. In 1841 as the Jews of Morocco are being massacred, the Sultan assures the Jews they are his personal property, and are under his protection. In 1844 the 1^st Cairo, Egypt massacres of its Jews is underway.

In 1847 the Dayr al-Qamar massacre of Jews in Lebanon takes place and there is the removal of the Jews from Jerusalem, and other controlled areas of Judea, and Samaria. 1848 there is the 1^st Damascus, Syria massacre of the Jews here, and also in 1850 there is the 1^st Aleppo, Syria, there is a further massacre of the Jewish residents of the Town. In 1860 there is the 2^nd massacre of the Jews in Damascus, Syria and in 1862 the 1^st Beirut, Lebanon massacre of the Jews here takes place. Between 1864 and 1880 there are Massacres of Jews in Marrakesh, Morocco. In 1866 there are massacres of Jews throughout Turkey, here at Kuzguncuk, at Barfurush in 1867, and in Eyub, the massacres of the Jews is realised in 1868, also in Turkey. In 1869 there are massacres of local Jews in Sfax, and Tunis, Tunisia and in 1870 there is a 2^nd Massacre of the Jews in Alexandria, Egypt and the 1^st massacre of the Jews in Istanbul, Turkey takes place. In 1871 the 1^st Damanhur, Egypt massacre of its Jews is underway and in 1872, there is the massacres of the Jews in Turkey, in Edirne, Izmir, and Smyrna. In 1873 there is the 2^nd Damanhur, Egypt massacre of its Jews. In 1874 with the 2^nd Izmir massacre of Jews, the 2^nd Smyrna massacre of its Jews, and also the 2^nd massacre of the Jews of Istanbul, Turkey registers its Jewish hatred. There is also the 2^nd massacre of the Jewish People in Beirut, Lebanon, and in 1875 and there is the 2^nd massacre of the Jews in Aleppo, Syria, and also, there is the massacre of the Jews of Djerba Island, Tunisia. In 1877 there are the Egyptian massacres of the Jews, the 3^rd massacre of the Jews in Damanhur, Egypt and a massacre of the Jews of Mansoura. In 1882 there is the massacre of the Jews of Homs, Syria and in 1882 there is the 3^rd massacre of the Jews in Alexandria, Egypt. In 1890 there was a 2^nd massacre of the Jews in Cairo, Egypt, and a 3^rd massacre of the Jews in Damascus, Syria and also there was the 2^nd massacre of the Jews of Tunis, Tunisia and in 1891, there is the 4^th massacre of the Jews in Damanahur, Egypt. In 1897 the Jews of Tripoli, Libya are murdered. By now, the Jewish People have persisted through time, and along with 2,000 years of assaults, persecutions, destructions, and expellations, there are dispersal’s to Foreign Countries, a newer Diaspora which levelled the Jewish People as unwelcome interlopers in many of these adoptive lands. It was an unwelcome response to the Jews being hounded out of the lands they had seemingly occupied with general acceptance. The perpetual persecution of the Jews was particularly true in Christian Europe, across Western Europe, and on into Russia where the Jews had sought to escape the threat of Muslim hatred. We have reached a certain threshold where the historical lessons will never be kind to the Jewish People, and throughout the late 1800’s, there are ever more 10’s of 1,000’s of migrating people from all over the World which somehow doesn’t manage to alleviate the Jewish concerns.

Patrick Dempsey.